20 healthiest countries in 2019

* Health grade = health score - health risk penalties

Health score is determined by: 1. mortality by communicable, non-communicable diseases and injuries; 2. Life expectancy at the defining age of birth, childhood, youth and retirement; 3. Probability to survive neonatal, into young adulthood and retirement stages.
Health risk penalties are determined by: 1. behavioral/endogenous factors such as high incidences of population with elevated levels of blood pressure, blood glucoses and cholesterol, prevalence of overweight, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and childhood malnutrition, as well as mental health and basic vaccination coverage; 2. Environmental/exogenous factors such as population with access to clean air, water and sanitation facilities.