Breakdown of GHG emissions during the Russia-Ukraine war 2022-2024, by sector
The total climate cost of the first two years of the Russian invasion of Ukraine is estimated to be at least 175 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e). Roughly a third of these emissions are attributed to future reconstruction efforts, due to the large amounts of highly carbon-intensive concrete and steel needed to rebuild damaged civilian infrastructure. Meanwhile, emissions from direct warfare activities like fossil fuel consumption from troops and the use of ammunition caused roughly 29 percent of total emissions between February 2022 and February 2024.
