U.S. and UK: online abuse 2021, by type

Published by
Stacy Jo Dixon,
Aug 10, 2022
A study conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom between 2019 and 2021 found that the majority of online hate speech came in the form of slurs and tropes, with over 61 percent of online hate speech being of this manner. Overall, 30.8 percent of online hate speech took the form of violent threats, and over seven percent were images.

Distribution of online hate speech in the United States and the United Kingdom (UK) 2019 to 2021, by type

CharacteristicViolent threatsSlurs/tropesImages
Overall 30.8% 61.6% 7.6%
United States 31.3% 60.6% 8.1%
United Kingdom 27.2% 68.6% 4.2%
Showing entries 1 to 3 (3 entries in total)
Created with Highcharts 7.2.2Share of content30.8%30.8%31.3%31.3%27.2%27.2%61.6%61.6%60.6%60.6%68.6%68.6%7.6%7.6%8.1%8.1%4.2%4.2%Violent threatsSlurs/tropesImagesOverallUnited StatesUnited Kingdom
0%25%50%75%100%125%

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Release date

November 2021

Region

United Kingdom, United States

Survey time period

2019 to 2021

Special properties

data from forums, blogs, and several social media sites, 263,000,000 mentions of online hate speech

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