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Distribution of gross domestic expenditure on R&D in Egypt 2018, by sector
gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) was conducted by higher education institutions, which amounted to 21.9 billion Egyptian pounds (comparable to 1.4 billion U.S. dollars). Moreover, the government followed with a share of roughly 28 percent of the GERD in the country. Private non-profit institutions spent 10 million Egyptian pounds (638.2 thousand U.S. dollars), equal to a mere share of 0.03 percent.
In 2018, around 68 percent of the