Most polluted capital cities based on PM2.5 concentration in Europe 2023

Sarajevo was the most polluted capital city in Europe in 2023, with an average PM2.5 concentration of 28.4 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³). This level of air pollution was almost six times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. The second most polluted capital city in Europe that year was Skopje, North Macedonia, with an average PM2.5 concentration of 24.6 μg/m³. 

How bad is air pollution in Europe?

Poor air quality is a major issue in Europe, particularly in cities. In fact, more than 90 percent of the EU urban population were exposed to PM2.5 concentrations above WHO guidelines in 2021. Average annual PM2.5 levels in populated European cities like Rome, Berlin, and Paris are often double recommended limits.

Sources of particulate matter emissions

There are several sources of PM2.5 emissions in the European Union, including transportation, energy supply, and agriculture, but the biggest contributor is the residential, commercial, and institutional sector. While PM2.5 emissions from other sectors have fallen notably since the turn of the century, residential, commercial, and institutional emissions have seen little change.