Temporary employment in European countries 2020

Over 23.9 percent of people employed in Montenegro were defined as temporary employees in 2020, the most of any European country in that year. Spain had the second-highest percentage of temporary employees among its overall workforce, at 20.1 percent, while in Romania, temporary employees accounted for just 0.9 percent of workers.

Temporary employees as percentage of the total number of employees in selected European countries in 2020

Characteristic	Temporary employees as percentage of overall workforce
Montenegro	23.9%
Spain	20.1%
Serbia	15.5%
Portugal	15%
North Macedonia	14.6%
Poland	14.4%
Croatia	13%
France	12.4%
Sweden	12.1%
Netherlands	12%
Finland	11.9%
Italy	11.7%
Cyprus	11.6%
EU27	10.7%
Slovenia	9.2%
Denmark	8.7%
Germany	8.5%
Belgium	8%
Switzerland	7.9%
Greece	7%
Turkey	6.8%
Luxembourg	6.5%
Iceland	6.5%
Norway	6.4%
Malta	6.4%
Czechia	5.7%
Slovakia	5.4%
Austria	5.1%
Hungary	5.1%
Bulgaria	3.1%
Latvia	2.4%
Estonia	2.2%
Lithuania	1%
Romania	0.9%

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Release date

June 2021

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Region

Survey time period

2005 to 2020

Age group

20-64 years

Supplementary notes

The source adds the following information: "A job may be considered temporary if employer and employee agree that its end is determined by objective conditions such as a specific date, the completion of a task or the return of another employee who has been temporarily replaced (usually stated in a work contract of limited duration). Typical cases are: (a) persons with seasonal employment; (b) persons engaged by an agency or employment exchange and hired to a third party to perform a specific task (unless there is a written work contract of unlimited duration); (c) persons with specific training contracts. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey."

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